Frustration with established institutions of political representation around the globe is leading to the formation of extra-institutional political movements and resulting in a trend towards expanding political and politicised violence.

Directed towards candidates, representatives, and movements, political violence is the result of political goals being sought through alternative means. In contexts where there is an established and powerful non-state structure of organised violence, political violence expresses itself as intra-elite violence over access to political power.

In contrast, politicised violence, often directed toward marginalised groups, has expanded as a result of growing exclusionary and illiberal narratives.